No. 183Mesopotamian Traditions

Inanna

𒀭𒈹

Queen of Heaven, the Venus star, goddess of love and of the battlefield

Inanna, called Ishtar in Akkadian, was the Queen of Heaven in ancient Mesopotamia: the morning and evening star, patron goddess of the Eanna temple at Uruk, and a goddess of both love and war. She was worshipped in Sumer from the Uruk period, c. 4000–3100 BCE, and later by Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians, who ranked her close to their national god Ashur.

She was linked to love, to victory in battle, to political power and to divine law. The priestess-poet Enheduanna praised her in hymns around 2300 BCE. Her best-loved tale, in which she passes through seven gates to the world below and returns, survives on more than fifty cuneiform tablets. Today she is met in texts, seals and the glazed-brick Ishtar Gate.

Inanna
Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi, February 4th, C.E. 2006, 15:53:10. Wikimedia Commons (public domain), TangLung (talk · contribs)

How to recognise Inanna

  1. Eight-pointed starHer best-known emblem, it stands for her astral side as the planet Venus, and later it is often set inside a circle.
  2. LionHer animal, shown with her foot on its back or, in her war aspect, held on a leash.
  3. Horned crownA tiered, horned crown of divinity, worn by the major Mesopotamian deities, marks her as a great goddess.
  4. Flounced robeA tiered or flounced robe, like those of other Mesopotamian goddesses, shows her as a clothed, regal figure.
  5. WeaponsIn her warrior aspect, weapons rise from her shoulders and she may hold more in her hand, in ancient styles such as bow, mace and quiver.
  6. Reed ringHer oldest emblem is a bundle of reeds tied into a ring at the top, which became the cuneiform sign for her name.
  7. Red and blueRed carnelian and blue lapis lazuli were used to symbolise her, and the Ishtar Gate adds deep blue glazed brick with gold-yellow animals.

Names and titles

  • Queen of HeavenHer primary title; her name is commonly derived from the Sumerian for 'Lady of Heaven'
  • Lady of the StarsA title in ancient god lists, linking her to Venus, the morning and evening star
  • Lady of the EannaShe was the patron goddess of the Eanna temple at Uruk, her early main centre
  • The Seven GatesIn the Descent, she passes through seven gates, giving up a piece of her regalia at each
  • Bearer of the Seven PowersShe takes the seven divine powers (me) with her, and Enheduanna praises her as their guardian

Inanna in the shop

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Sources

  1. Britannica: Ishtar
  2. Wikipedia: Inanna
  3. ORACC Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Inana/Ishtar
  4. Wikipedia: Star of Ishtar
  5. World History Encyclopedia: Ishtar
  6. World History Encyclopedia: Inanna
  7. Wikipedia: Burney Relief
  8. World History Encyclopedia: The Queen of the Night
  9. ORACC Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Ereshkigal
  10. Wikipedia: Kilili
  11. Britannica: The Descent of Ishtar to the Underworld
  12. ETCSL 1.4.1: Inana's Descent to the Nether World
  13. Inanna's Descent to the Netherworld: A Centennial Survey
  14. Women and Myth: Inanna's Descent to the Underworld
  15. Wikipedia: Ninshubur
  16. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin: Pergamon Museum profile
  17. Visit Berlin: Pergamon Museum
  18. National Geographic: The quest for the Ishtar Gate of Babylon
  19. Wikipedia: Striding Lion
  20. Wonderful Museums: Ishtar Gate, Pergamon Museum
  21. EEAS: Visit the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Babylon
  22. Ali Babylon: Visiting Babylon, Iraq
  23. Wikipedia: Enheduanna
  24. World History Encyclopedia: Hymn to Inanna
  25. Tales of Times Forgotten: No, Easter Is Not Named After Ishtar
  26. More Than Sunday Mornings: Does Easter Come from Ishtar?
  27. Wikipedia: Queen of Heaven (antiquity)
  28. Facts and Details: Mesopotamian religion entry
  29. Pagan Workshop: What Is Ishtar's Holy Symbol
  30. University of Jena XING wiki: Inanna
  31. Art Visit Guide: Is the Pergamon Museum open in 2026?
  32. United Nations Iraq: Babylon designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site
  33. Wikipedia: Epithets of Inanna
  34. Wikipedia: Ereshkigal
  35. Omnika: Inanna

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